Tectonic Forces Mountain ranges form through tectonic plate collision, causing rock layers to fold and uplift. Convergent boundaries create orogens through crustal compression and volcanic activity. This process, taking millions of years, builds major ranges like the Himalayas, Alps, and Andes.

Environmental Conditions Deserts form in regions where precipitation falls below 250mm annually due to global atmospheric circulation patterns. High-pressure systems and rain shadows from mountain ranges create conditions inhibiting rainfall. Subtropical deserts occur near 30 degrees latitude, wh

Forest Distribution Earth's forests cover 31% of land surface, forming distinct biomes from tropical rainforests to boreal forests. Climate, soil conditions, and elevation determine forest type distribution. These ecosystems store 80% of terrestrial biomass and house over 80% of land biodiver

Atmospheric Circulation Global weather patterns form through interactions between Earth's rotation, solar heating, and atmospheric circulation cells. The Hadley, Ferrel, and Polar cells create distinct wind patterns and precipitation zones. These systems drive the movement of air masses, form